Secondary Nutrients: Calcium, Magnesium, and Sulfur
While N, P, and K are the most important of the essential elements for plant nutrition, they are by no means the only important elements. Farmers, scientists, and agricultural professionals generally consider calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and sulfur (S) second in importance only to nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, not because they are less essential, but because smaller amounts of those elements are typically needed for most crops.
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Calcium. Calcium helps roots and leaves grow strong and healthy. In addition, it helps strengthen overall plant structure, increasing resistance to wind, hail, insects, and other sources of physical damage. Calcium also is an important component of bone, making it a crucial nutrient for animals and humans.
Calcium tends to be plentiful in most soils, but is not always in a form available to plants. Where calcium is deficient, it can be supplied in the form of lime (ground limestone), or it can be mixed with a liquid carrier and sprayed on fruit and foliage of crops. Foliar application is sometimes used on celery, apples, pears, and cherries.
Important commercial calcium fertilizers include ground limestone and gypsum (calcium sulfate), among others.
Magnesium. Among its roles in plant growth, magnesium is the central atom in chlorophyll, the molecule responsible for photosynthesis, the process where plants turn sunlight and nutrients into green growth. Most of the magnesium in plants is found in chlorophyll. Like phosphorus, magnesium moves from the older parts of the plant to the younger as the plant grows. Farmers know a crop may be deficient in magnesium when the older leaves turn bronze, yellow, or reddish, while the leaf veins remain green.
Important commercial magnesium fertilizers include limestone, magnesium oxide, magnesium sulfate, potassium-magnesium sulfate, and magnesium chloride.
Sulfur. Sulfur is essential for the production of amino acids, which are the building blocks of proteins found in all living things. Sulfur also helps give crops like onions, mustard, and radishes their characteristic odor.
While it is abundant in soil that is rich in organic matter, sulfur (like other nutrients) is not always available in a form plants can use. Certain crops, such as alfalfa, a forage crop used for animal feed, also remove more sulfur than others.
Commercially important fertilizers containing sulfur include ammonium sulfate, ammonium thiosulfate, potassium sulfate, potassium-magnesium sulfate, gypsum, and magnesium sulfate
any magnesium and calcium fertilizer,
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