Calcium is a naturally occurring element. Plant scientists classify it as a secondary nutrient for plant growth. This means that though plants need calcium to be healthy, they don't need as much of it as they do the primary nutrients, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. Plants use calcium to produce cell walls and root tips. Without adequate calcium, vegetable plants tend to become stunted and rot.
Calcium Deficiency
When a plant is calcium deficient, the young leaves show damage first. When the plant is mildly deficient, the leaves with be slightly deformed. Severe deficiency can kill the growth tips and stop leaf production. Calcium-deficient roots are stunted and short, and they lack the strength to push through the soil. Calcium-deficient fruit may develop blossom-end rot, a common problem for tomatoes and peppers. Blossom-end rot causes the blossom end of the fruit to become dark, leathery and eventually rotten. Fruit with blossom-end rot stops growing and eventually drops off the plant. Calcium-deficient legumes are more susceptible to pod rot and don't fix nitrogen as efficiently as those that are well supplied with the mineral.
Causes
Some regions are more prone to calcium deficiency than others. For example, calcium leeches easily from the in the acidic soil of America's East and Northwest. Rain soaks into the ground and flushes calcium from the upper layers of topsoil. On the other hand, regions with plenty of limestone, gypsum or apatite tend to be high in calcium. Regions with coral or marine shells in the soil, southern Florida for example, tend to be rich in calcium carbonate. Fields that rely on natural rainfall for irrigation tend to be lower in calcium than those that are irrigated, especially when the irrigation water is naturally hard.
Supplements
One of the simplest ways you can add calcium to the soil is to add crushed eggshells. Crushed eggshells can be added to the compost pile or they can be mixed into the soil. You can also crush eggshells and add them to the hole when planting tomatoes or peppers. If your soil tends to compact easily and is calcium-deficient, adding gypsum -- calcium sulfate -- can address both issues at the same time. Bonemeal, limestone and rock phosphate also add calcium. So can fertilizers such as calcium nitrate, calcium sulfate and normal superphosphate.
Precautions
Adding calcium to your soil can raise the pH of the soil, making it more alkaline. Potatoes, blueberries and tomatoes all like acid soil and can be harmed by additives that raise the pH too high. The best thing to do if you think your soil is lacking in calcium is to use a test kit or send a sample for testing. Soil testing can tell you whether you need calcium, and it can also tell you the pH of the soil. If you need to add calcium and raise the pH, limestone will do that. If you need to add calcium without raising the pH, gypsum works better. Your county extension agent can help you tailor your supplementation to your soil's exact needs.
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