Urea is a highly soluble, dry material. Its N becomes plant-available when converted to ammonium (NH4 +) and then nitrate (NO3 - ). Urea can be used as a starter, broadcast or topdress application and can be used in fertilizer mixes (dry or liquid). Advantages of urea are its high N content (45 to 46%), relatively low cost per lb of N, and rapid conversion to plant-available N. If urea is surface applied and not incorporated (either by rain or tillage),
N losses to the air (as ammonia) can approach 40% of the applied N. In addition, a rapid pH increase after application caused by hydrolysis of urea can result in ammonia release that can damage seedlings if the urea is applied too close to the seed. If urea is used as a band-applied starter, the planter should be carefully checked to ensure placement is not closer than 2 inches beside and below the seed, and be calibrated to apply no more than 60 lbs urea per acre (30 lbs of actual N from urea). Conversion of ammonium to nitrate results in the formation of hydrogen ions (H+), so, like most N fertilizers, repeated urea applications will cause a reduction in soil pH over time.
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