Wall and screen tubes most heavily fouled , superhtr has deposits formed elsewhere and carried with the steam or carryover. Economisers ( non-steaming) contain deposits moved from there original site.
Tube orientation can influence location and amount of deposition.
Deposits usually heaviest on the hot side of the steam generating tubes. Because of steam channelling, deposition is often heavier on the top portion of horizontal or slanting tubes
Deposition occurs immediately downstream of horizontal backing rings.
Water and steam drums can contain deposits, as these are readily accessed then inspection of the deposition can indicate types of corrosion. e.g. Sparkling black magnetite can precipitate in stm drums when iron is released by decomposition of organic complexing agents.
DEPOSITS
Iron oxides
Magnetite (Fe3O4)
A smooth black tenacious , dense magnetite layer normally grows on boiler water side surfaces. taken to indicate good corrosion protection as it forms in low oxygen levels and is susceptible to acidic attack
Heamatite (Fe2O3)
is favoured at low temperatures and high oxygen levels can be red and is a binding agent and tends to hold over materials in deposition. This is an indication of active corrosion occurring within the boiler/feed system
Other metals
Copper and Copper oxide is deposited by direct exchange with iron or by reduction of copper oxide by hydrogen evolved during corrosion . Reddish stains of copper are common at or near areas of caustic corrosion. Copper Oxide appears as a black deposits. It is considered very serious corrosion risk because of the initiation of galvanic corrosion mechanisms.
Galvanic corrosion associated with copper deposition is very rare in a well passivated boiler. Zinc and nickel are very often found near copper deposition , nickel being a particularly tenacious binder
Rapid loss of boiler metals can occur. Copper can appear in various forms as a deposit in the boiler. As a copper coloured metallic deposit, usually in a corrosion pit, as a bright red/orange tubercules on the boiler metal surface or as a brown tear drop shaped formation.
Copper is generally an indicator of corrosion (or possible wear) occurring in the feed pump whether in the condensate lines or in the parts of a feed pump. A possible cause of this is the excessive treatment of hydrazine which decompose to ammonia carrying over with the steam to attack such areas as the air ejectors on condensers.
Copper oxide formed in boiler conditions is black and non- metallic.
CORROSION AND DEPOSIT PREVENTER
FORMULATIONS
AND
MANUFACTURING PROCESS
FORMULATIONS
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MANUFACTURING PROCESS
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