Over the next several decades, the solvent refining process did not change much. Finished oil quality improved mainly due to the addition of additives. Additives began to be widely used in 1947 when the API began to categorize engine oils by severity of service: regular, premium and heavy-duty. Additives were used to extend the life only in premium and heavy-duty oils.
Regular engine oils were unadditized and were intended for 80 to 100 hours of low-severity service. Premium engine oils were additized to extend the life of passenger car engine oils. Heavy-duty engine oils were more heavily additized to extend the engine oil life in more severe applications such as commercial trucks and construction equipment.
In 1950, multigrade oils were first introduced which were additized with polymers to enhance the VI of the oil which improved the hot and cold performance of the oil (Figure 2).
Figure 2. Additives Hit the Scene
For several more decades, the lubricants industry continued to rely heavily on additive technology to improve the performance of finished oils. Lubricant quality improved significantly only when the additive chemistry improved. This was the only viable strategy until a significant improvement in base oil technology was available.
Part 2 will explain how new hydroprocessing technologies opened the door for significant improvements in base oil quality and finished lubricant performance.
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