As beneficial as viscosity is to the engine in preventing wear through hydrodynamic lubrication, it also has some negative aspects that can affect the engine’s operating efficiency. The oil’s molecular friction, which separates two surfaces in relative motion, requires energy to overcome it. This is a significant amount of energy from the engine in exchange for the provided wear protection.
Therefore, careful formulation of the oil viscosity is critical to vehicle owners and to governments mandating fuel economy limits. Lowering oil viscosity can be an important step in reducing viscous friction to improve fuel efficiency. Interestingly, over the last several years, there has been an increase in the number of automobiles operating with engine oils that have lower viscosity levels, thus markedly improving their engine efficiencies.
A decade ago, the lowest SAE viscosity grades were SAE 0W-20 and 5W-20 oils, with SAE 20 carrying the minimum high shear rate viscosity of 2.6 centipoise (cP) to simulate engine operation at 150 degrees C. Figure 2 shows data from engine oils sold in North and South America as well as for SAE 5W-30 engine oils.
Japanese automakers have recently called for even lower viscosity grades. As a consequence, the SAE has introduced three new operating grades identified as SAE 16 (2.3 cP minimum at 150 degrees C), SAE 12 (2.0 cP minimum at 150 degrees C) and SAE 8 (1.7 cP minimum at 150 degrees C). These grade requirements are also shown in Figure 2 for comparison. None of these lower grade oils has yet to reach the market for analysis. Since viscosity is directly related to the amount of energy expended by the engine for wear protection through hydrodynamic lubrication, such a decrease in viscosity would be expected to have important benefits in fuel efficiency but only in engines designed for their use.
any engine oil
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